注释:
[1] Strauss, Socrates and Aristophanes (The Universtiy of Chicago Press, 1966), p 4, p. 314.
[2] Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey (eds), History of Political Philosophy (The University of Chicago Press, 1963第一版;1973第二版;1987第三版)。此书已有河北人民出版社1993年中译本,但译文颇需重新校订。
[3] 这种情况在90年代以后诚然开始变化,亦即主流自由主义学派开始日益注重批判施特劳斯。比较代表主流自由主义对施特劳斯看法的可参见,Stephen Holmes, “Strauss: Truths for Philosophers Alone,”in his The Anatomy of Antiliberalism (Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 61-87. Charles Larmore, “The Secret Philosophy of Leo Strauss,” in his The Morals of Modernity (Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 65-76. 亦 参Shadia Drury, The Political Ideas of Leo Strauss (St. Martin Press, 1988).
[4] Leo Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism (The University of Chicago Press, 1989), p.31.
[5]所谓“现代性的危机”、“西方的危机”或“西方文明的危机”是反反覆覆出现在施特劳斯所有著作中的主题,他不断强调正是西方文明的危机促使今天必须返回源头去研究西方古典,例如参见Leo Strauss, The City and Man (The University of Chicago Press, 1964), pp.1-12.又特别参见他的“Progress or Return? The Contemporary Crisis in Western Civilization,” in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss, edited by Hilall Gildin (Wayne State University Press, 1989), pp. 249-310.
[6] 按施特劳斯学派的看法,十七至十八世纪“古今之争”的最伟大文本是斯威夫特(Swift,1667-1745)的名著《格列佛游记》(Guilliver’sTravels,1726年出版),而最后一位深刻理解这一争论之实质的则是莱辛(Lessing,1729-1781)。参见布鲁姆对《格列佛游记》才华横溢的解读:Allan Bloom, “Giant and Dwarfs: An outline of Gulliver’s Travels,” in his Giants and Dwares (Simon & Schuster, 1990), pp.35-51,亦参施特劳斯论莱辛:TheRebirthofClassicalPoliticalRationalism,pp.63-71.
[7] 参见施特劳斯的著名论文“现代性的三次浪潮”,认为西方现代性的第一次浪潮是马基亚维里、霍布士和洛克等掀起的全面拒斥西方古典思想传统的浪潮;现代性的第二次浪潮也是现代性的第一次大危机则是由卢梭掀起的对现代性的全面批判的浪潮,但实际则进一步推进了现代性;现代性的第三次浪潮也是第二次更大的危机则是由尼采海德格尔掀起(并由其后现代徒子徒孙时下仍在进行)的更大规模的现代性批判浪潮,这一批判深刻暴露现代性的本质就是“虚无主义”。参见Leo Strauss, “The Three Waves of Modernity,” in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss, edited by Hilall Gildin (Wayne State University Press, 1989), pp. 81-98.
[8] 早在1932年批判施密特的著名文章中施特劳斯就已经指出,施密特对自由主义的批判仍然是在自由主义的视野内的批判,真正彻底的批判必须首先获得一个“超越自由主义的视野”,不过当时施特劳斯自己尚不完全清楚这个视野是什么。参Strauss, “Notes on The Concept of the Political,” 该文作为附录收入Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 83-107.
[9]施特劳斯所谓“柏拉图路向的政治哲学”(Platonic Political Philosophy)因此是很不寻常的一种独门解释:他突出柏拉图哲学与中古伊斯兰教和犹太教的传承关系,而切断或拒绝柏拉图与基督教的关系。参其最后遗著,Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy (University of Chicago Press, 1983)。该书备受主流柏拉图学界攻击,因为这本号称“柏拉图政治哲学研究”的著作十五章中只有两章专门讨论柏拉图。
[10]1994共和党革命的意义在于正式结束了将近六十年的美国“新政自由主义”时代,因此被共和党称为一个时代的结束。可特别参见共和党首席军师William Kristol, “The Politics of Liberty, the Sociology of Virtue,” in The New Promise of American Life, ed. by Lamar Alexander and Chester Finn, Jr (Hudson Institute, 1995), pp. 120-129.
[11]最早的说法可参James Altas, “Chicago’s Grumpy Guru: Best-Selling Professor Allan Bloom and the Chicago Intellectuals,”New York Times Magazine (3 January 1988), pp.12-31. 共和党掌权后见“纽约时报”1994年11月28日评论:“Undermocratic Vistas: The Sinister Vogue of Leo Struass”;又该报1995年1月29日评论:“AVeryUnlikelyVillain(orHero)”.
[12] Kennth L. Deutsch and John Murley (eds), Leo Strauss, the Straussians, and the American Regime (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1999).
[13] Shadia Drury, Leo Strauss and the American Right (St. Martin’s Press, 1997).
[14] 参见施特劳斯与佛格林的通信,Faith and Political Philosophy: The Correspondence Between Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin, 1934-1964 (The Pennsylvaria State University Press, 1993), pp. 66-69.
[15] 参Strauss, Liberalism Ancient and Modern (Cornell University Press, 1989), p.x.
[16]关于施特劳斯的“第二层洞穴”说,见其Philosophy and Law (State University间》,of New York Press, 1995), pp. 135-136; 及其The Early Writings (1921-1932), ed. by Michael Zank (State University of New Yewk Press, 2002). Pp. 214-215.
[17]参美国保守派名人RogerKimball刻意借用中国革命的“长征”和“文化革命”等术语为书名而批判美国文化革命的近著,《长征:六十年代的文化革命如何改变了美国》( The Long March: How the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s Changed America), (Encounter Books, 2000).
[18] Paul Kristeller, “A life of Learning,” in The American Scholar, summer 1991, 转引自上引Kimball, pp.5-6
[19] Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (The University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp.126-127. 从施特劳斯书信中可知他开始写作此书是在1953年,当时的美国和西方完全没有任何学生造反的迹象。因此施特劳斯这一“现代性的本质就是青年运动”的论断完全来自他对现代性问题的理论考察,而与美国的政治氛围无关。参见施特劳斯与佛格林的通信,Faith and Political Philosophy: The Correspondence Between Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin, 1934-1964, p. 98.
[20]尼采,Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, trans. Walter Kaufmann (Viking Books, 1966), pp. 204-206.
[21] 参“Progress or Return? The Contemporary Crisis in Western Civilization,” in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss, edited by Hilall Gildin (Wayne State University Press, 1989), p. 264.
[22]参Strauss, What is Political Philosophy? (The University of Chicago Press, 1959), p.10.
[23] Thoughts on Machiavelli, p. 92
[24] Natural Right and History (The University of Chicago Press, 1953).
[25] 中文世界以往将naturalright译作“天赋权利”几乎是惯例。此地不遑多举,仅以斯宾诺莎的《神学政治论》而言,只要比较英文版与根据英文版转译的中文版,可知原文中的the natural right of the individual 都相应译为“个人的天赋权利”。
[26]施特劳斯在早期著作如《霍布士的政治哲学》中多用“自然法”的概念,但以后他基本把natural law保留给基督教的托马斯主义传统,而用natural right来同时指古希腊的柏拉图和亚里士多德学说以及近代从霍布士以来的“天赋权利”说。
[27] 参Natural Right and History,pp.26-34.施特劳斯在那里虽然没有提及海德格尔的名字,但所说的“彻底历史主义”除尼采外主要是指海德格尔。
[28] William Galston, Kant and the Problem of History (The University of Chicago Press, 1975)。盖尔斯顿曾入阁克林顿政府,是克林顿的重要政治顾问。可参其自述,“A Student of Leo Strauss in the Clinton Administration,”in Kennth L. Deutsch and John Murley (eds), Leo Strauss, the Straussians, and the American Regime (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1999). Pp.429ff.
[29]此地所引的“特别时刻”(aprivilegedmoment)和“命运”等出自施特劳斯的说法,施特劳斯所指自然是海德格尔。参Natural Right and History,p.27以下.
[30]对海德格尔思想的最好研究之一我个人以为是Reiner Schurmann, Heidegger on Being and Acting: From Principles to Anarchy (Indiana University Press, 1990,法文原版1982)。亦参John Caputo的两本书,Heidegger and Aquinas: An Essay on Overcoming Metaphysics (Fordham University Press, 1982), 以 及 Radical Hermeneutics: Repetition, Deconstruction, and the Hermeneutic Project (Idiana University Press 1987). Schurmann 原是研究中世纪神秘主义大师埃克哈特的权威学者,Caputo则是研究阿奎那出身,而海德格尔本人最早的学术背景本是中世纪经院哲学,因此他们两人对海德格尔的理解常比较透彻。但Caputo以后流入美国流行的对海德格尔的政治批判,虽然比沃林之类高明一些,亦已无甚足观。
[31] 参《存在与时间》第45节最后一段,第83节全书结尾语。
[32] 参《存在与时间》,第65节。
[33] 参Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy (University of Chicago Press, 1983), p.30
[34] Natural Right and History, p. 6.
[35] Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, p.28. 此地颇可比较福科后来所言:“现代思想事实上从未能够提出一种道德。…对现代思想来说,没有任何一种道德是可能的”(Modern thought has never, in fact, been able to propose a morality…. For modern thought, no morality is possible), 参 Foucaul, The Order of Things (Random House, Inc. 1970), p. 328.
[36] Natural Right and History, p. 6.
[37] 参其Philosophy and Law (State University of New York Press, 1995,初版1935), pp. 21-39.
[38] 施特劳斯,Spinza’s Critique of Religion (The University of Chicago Press, 1997,初版1930).
[39] Spinoza’s Critique of Religion, p. 112. 亦 参 其 what is Political Philosophy, p.226
[40] 参见施特劳斯与佛格林的通信,Faith and Political Philosophy: The Correspondence Between Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin, 1934-1964, p. 98.
[41] Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, p.29.
[42] 参前引Strauss, “The Three Waves of Modernity.”施特劳斯这个“三次浪潮”的说法实际取自柏拉图《理想国》中苏格拉底面临的“三次浪潮”,亦即隐隐以现代苏格拉底自居。前引盖尔斯顿关于“历史观念”三阶段的说法大体相应于施特劳斯所说的“现代性的三次浪潮”。
[43] 这三次讨论会的主题和召开时间、地点分别如下(三次会议的论文据知将会合为一集出版):
* Leo Strauss' Natural Right and History: A Reassessment
April 20-22, 2001, The LeFrak Forum and the Symposium on Science, Reason and Modern Democracy, Michigan State University;
* Leo Strauss' Natural Right and History: Contexts and Subtexts
May 11-13, 2001, The John M. Olin Center for Inquiry into the Theory and Practice of Democracy, The University of Chicago
Living Issues in the Thought of Leo Strauss: Fifty Years after Natural Right and History
June 17-20, 2002, The Carl Friedrich von Siemens Stiftung, Munich
[44] 施特劳斯早年思想需要另文讨论,此地暂时略过。参见最近刚出版的Leo Struass, The Early Writings (1921-1932), ed. by Michael Zank (State University of New Yewk Press, 2002).近年德国的HeinrichMeier与美国的K.HGreen等收集出版施特劳斯早年文献颇力,但他们对施特劳斯早年思想的叙述我以为很不能令人满意。对施特劳斯早年思想的讨论必须将他置于他的同时代人如汉娜.阿伦特、本雅明、肖勒姆等那一代“德国犹太人”的共同问题背景下来考察。
[45] 施特劳斯到美国后最初十年发表的16篇书评收入他的论文集:What is Political Philosophy? (The University of Chicago Press, 1959), pp.263-311.施特劳斯著述简要目录可见其遗著,Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy(The University of Chicago Press, 1983), pp. 249-258. 我个人倾向于认为,或可以1945年作为施特劳斯思想真正成熟的标志,这一年他同时发表了足以预示他以后思路的两篇重要论文:“论古典政治哲学”(On Classical Political philosophy)以及“法拉比的柏拉图”(Falabi’s Plato)。
[46] 参Natural Right and History, p. 2
[47] Richard Rorty, “Trotsky and the Wild Orchids,”in his Philosophy and Social Hope (Penguin, 1999), esp. pp.8-9.
[48] 芝大的哲学系和古典系因此从不把施特劳斯的课程列人他们系的课表中以免他们最好的学生被施特劳斯“勾魂”,施特劳斯的正式弟子因此多在政治学系和芝大社会思想委员会。参见George Anastaplo, “Leo Srauss at the University of Chicago,” in Kennth L. Deutsch and John Murley (eds), Leo Strauss, the Straussians, and the American Regime (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1999), pp. 3-30.
[49] 参柯耶夫1962年3月29日给施特劳斯的信,以及施特劳斯1962年5月29日给柯耶夫的信,收入On Tyranny, Including the Strauss-Kojeve Correspondence,edited by Victor Gourevitch and Michael Roth (Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: The Free Press, 1991),pp. 307-309.
[50] 所谓“施特劳斯的教导“实际分为两类,一类是已经公开出版的著作,另一类则是在小圈子中传阅的大量施特劳斯历年讲课记录稿。许多弟子后来的专著实际往往是根据施特劳斯这些从未正式发表的讲课稿而来。这些讲稿的目录见上引 Anastaplo, “Leo Srauss at the University of Chicago,”pp.14-17.
[51] George Sabine, A History of Political Theory (New York, 1961第三版)
[52] Joseph Cropsey (ed), Ancients and Moderns: Essays on the Tradition of Political Philosophy in Honor of Leo Strauss (Basic Books, 1964).
[53] 参见此期施特劳斯学派批判美国主流政治学科建制的另一重要文集,Herbert J. Storing, ed, Essays on the scientific study of politics (New York, Holt : Rinehart and Winston, 1962),施特劳斯为该书写的长篇“跋论”(Epilogue)后收入其论文集Liberalism Ancient and Modern (Cornell University Press, 1989, 第一版968), pp. 203-223.
[54] Strauss, “Preface to the Aemrican Edition,” The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis (Universtiy of Chicago Press, 1952), p. xv.
[55] 此句原出于施特劳斯1943年给佛格林的信。见Faith and Political Philosophy: The Correspondence Between Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin, 1934-1964 (The Pennsylvaria State University Press, 1993), p. 12.
[56] 尼采、海德格尔和施特劳斯都强调返回古希腊,但尼采和海德格尔强调的是返回“前苏格拉底”的希腊神话和悲剧即“诗”的境界,目的正在于以此反对“苏格拉底-柏拉图主义”或所谓“西方形而上学传统”;施特劳斯的独特之处在于一方面认同尼采海德格尔对“西方形而上学传统”的批判,但同时却拒斥“前苏格拉底路向”而将“苏格拉底-柏拉图”改造成“政治哲学”,强调要返回“苏格拉底-柏拉图的政治哲学”,亦即以“政治哲学”对抗尼采海德格尔的“诗意哲学”。施特劳斯所谓“诗与哲学之争”的问题隐含着他与尼采和海德格尔之争,但这个争论的关键既不在于单纯的诗,也不在于单纯的所谓哲学,而首先在于“政治”:诗化哲学企图跳过政治共同体而直接进入纯真境界,结果或是使政治共同体不可能或是恰恰成为政治共同体的附庸。但这一问题在施特劳斯本人那里从未得到特别充分的论述处理,从而在其弟子中引起诸多无益争吵。
[57] Harry Jaffa, The Conditions of freedom (John Hopkins University Press, 1975), p. 7. 以Jaffa 为首的这一派常自称“西岸施特劳斯派”,他自己最主要的代表作是研究林肯政治思想的Crisis of the House Divided (The University of Chicago Press, 1982, 初版1959)。
[58] Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today's Students (Simon and Schuster Inc.1987), p. 167.
[59] 戴孟德虽著述不多但他对《联邦党人文集》的研究对当代美国保守主义政界有相当直接的影响。他的论述收集在去世后友人整理出版的文集:As far as Republican Principles will Admit: Essays by Martin Diamond (The AEI Press, 1992); 亦 参 前 引 Leo Strauss, the Straussians, and the American Regime (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1999), pp. 235-251.
[60] 斯多林编辑了最完备的7卷本《反联邦党人大全》: The Complete Anti-Federalist(University of Chicago Press, 1981), 其中第一卷是他自己的长篇导论。
[61] 伯恩斯后来是敦促施特劳斯学人注重美国宪法研究的主要人物。见布鲁姆为其所编《正视宪法》一书所写的序言:Allan Bloom (ed), Confronting the Constitution (The AEI Press, 1990), p.1. 伯恩斯自己的论著似乎深受施特劳斯对柏克的批判的影响,特别明确地拒绝柏克式的保守主义,参其Freedom: Virtue and the First Amendment (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1969,初 版1957)。
[62] 参见施特劳斯派大将、哈佛政治哲学教授Harvey Mansfield, “The Legacy of the Late Sixties,”in Reassessing the Sixites: Debating the Political and Cultural Legacy, ed. by Stephen Macedo (W.W. Morton & Company, 1997), pp. 21-45. 亦 参David Frum, How We got Here: The 70s: the Decade That Brought You modern Life (For Better or Worse) (Basic Books, 2000).
[63] Strauss, “The Three Waves of Modernity,” in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss, edited by Hilall Gildin (Wayne State University Press, 1989), p. 82.
[64] 参见尼采,Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Viking Books, 1966), pp. 121-141.实际上,李欧塔们所谓的“后现代知识状况”本就是现代知识状况,只不过“学者们”日用而不知罢了。尼采所谓“我们所有学者”(Wir Gelehrten),以及海德格尔以后所谓“我们所有人”(Das Man),相当于施特劳斯所谓“第二层洞穴”的人。三人一脉相承,用不同寓言说的是同一个故事。
[65] Leo Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, p.31
[66] Leo Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, p.31
[67] Strauss, “Liberal Education and Responsibility,”in Liberalism Ancient and Modern, p.24.
[68] Strauss, The City and Man (The University of Chicago Press, 1964).
[69] Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis (Oxford 1936); Natural Right and History (The University of Chicago Press, 1953); Thoughts on Machiavelli (The University of Chicago Press, 1958).
[70]Strauss, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy (University of Chicago Press, 1983), p.168.
[71] Strauss, “The Three Waves of Modernity,” in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss, p. 86.
[72] 剑桥学派编辑的“剑桥版西方政治思想史文本丛书”(Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought)也包括施特劳斯学派的成果,例如其中卢梭的两本即由施特劳斯学人编辑。
[73] Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton University Press, 1975); Skinner, Machiavelli (New York: 1981).
[74] Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (The University of Chicago Press, 1958).
[75] 普考克最清楚地点明了他们与阿伦特的渊源关系,参见前引Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment, pp.3-80, p.550.
[76] Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (Basic Books, 1974), p. 183
[77] Allan Bloom,“Justice: John Rawls versus the Tradition of Political Philosophy,”American Political Science Review, 69 (2), pp. 648-662, June 1975, reprinted in Bloom, Giants and Dwares (Simon & Schuster, 1990), pp. 313-345.
[78] Allan Bloom, Giants and Dwares (Simon & Schuster, 1990).
[79] 柯耶夫著作的英译本首先由布鲁姆编辑作序在美国出版:Alexandre Kojeve, Introduction to the reading of Hegel: Lectures on the phenomenology of spirit assembled by Raymond Queneau. Edited by Allan Bloom. Trans by James H. Nichols, Jr. (New York : Basic Books, 1969); 最近又出版有 Kojeve, Outline of a Phenomenology of Right, trans. Bryan-Paul Frost and Robert Howse (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2000) .
[80] 前引 Kojeve, Introduction to the reading of Hegel,第2章。
[81] Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli, pp. 296-297.
[82] Leo Strauss, “The Liberalism of Classical Political Philosophy,” in his Liberalism Ancient and Modern (Cornell University Press, 1989, 第一版1968), p.64
[83] 关于施特劳斯与柯耶夫的公开和私下辩论参见,On Tyranny, Including the Strauss-Kojeve Correspondence,edited by Victor Gourevitch and Michael Roth (Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: The Free Press, 1991),特别参施特劳斯1948年6月22日给柯耶夫的信(pp.236-39),以及1949年9月4日给柯耶夫的信(pp.243-44)。施特劳斯一生似乎主要以三个“现代人”为自己的对话对象,即尼采、海德格尔与柯耶夫,这三个人的思想对他而言代表“现代性”的最大视野,因此也对他自己的批判现代性思考构成终身的挑战,其他如胡塞尔和施密特等对他都只有阶段性的意义。
[84] 参见施特劳斯弟子布鲁姆和罗森等人的回忆: Allen Bloom, “Alexandre Kojeve,” in his Giants and Dwares (Simon & Schuster, 1990), pp.268-273. Stanley Rosen, “Kojeve’s Paris: A Memoir,” in his Metaphysics in Ordinary Language (Yale University Press, 1999), pp.258-278.
[85]关于柯耶夫对两代法国思想的影响,参见Vincent Descombes, Modern French Philosophy, tran. L. Scott-Fox and J.M. Harting (Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 9-54.
[86] 可参著名女性主义学者JudithButler的出色研究,Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in 20th-Century France (Columbia University Press, 1987.)
[87] Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (Penguin Books, 1992).
[88] Michael Hardt and Anthony Negri, Empire (Harvard University Press 2000).
[89] Myles Burnyeat, “Sphinx without a Secret,” New York Review of Books, 30 May 1985, pp. 30-36。
[90] 在此之前对施特劳斯的评论仅零星见于一些比较专门的学术杂志,最早的评论主要集中在全盘否定施特劳斯对洛克和马基亚维里的解释。对其洛克解释的最早评论参John Yolton, “Locke on the Law of Nature,”Philosophical Review 67 (1958): 477-498; John Dunn, “Justice and the Interpretation of Locke’s Political Theory,” Political Stuties 16, no.1 (1968): 68-87. 关于对施特劳斯的马基亚维里解释的评论可参:Felix Gilbert, book review, Yale Reivew 48 (1958): 466-69; Robert McShea, “Leo Strauss on Machiavell,” Western Political Quarterly 16 (1963): 782-97; 以及当代“共和主义史学”大师普考克(J. G. A. Pocock)的长篇批评: “Prophet and Inquisitor,” Political Theory, vol. 3, no.4 (November 1975): 385-401.
[91] Gordon Wood, “The Fundamentalists and the Constitution,”New York Review of Books, 18 February 1988, pp. 33-40.
[92] Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today's Students (Simon and Schuster Inc.1987).
[93] 主要论战文章现已收入Robert Stone(ed), Essays on the Closing of the American Mind(Chicago Review Press,1989).
[94] 参Natural Right and History, pp. 1-80
[95] Richard Rorty, “Straussianism, Democracy, and Allan Bloom I,”原刊《新共和周刊》1988年4月4日,收入Essays on the Closing of the American Mind,pp. 94-103.
[96] Rorty, “The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy,”in The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Cambridge University Press 1988): pp. 257-82.
[97] Benjamin Barber, “The Philosopher Despot,” Harper’s Magazine (January 1988), pp. 61-65; 收入Essays on the Closing of the American Mind, pp.81-88.
[98] Martha Nussbaum, “Undermocratic Vistas,”New York Review of Books, 5 Novermber 1987, pp. 20-26; 收入Essays on the Closing of the American Mind, pp.198-211.
[99]Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, p.34
[100]此期最重要文集之一可参两位名家Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams所编文集以及他们所写的重要导言:Utilitarinism and Beyond (Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp.1-21. 日后得诺贝尔经济学奖的Sen将罗尔斯的“基本好东西”(basicgoods)修改为“基本能力”(basic capabilities),而与上文提及的女哲学家妮斯邦一起提出所谓“发展伦理学”取代从前的“发展经济学”,亦即强调经济发展的目标不是单纯扩大社会经济总量,而在于发展人的“基本能力”。参Marth Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, eds, The Quality of Life (Oxord University Press, 1993)。
[101]罗尔斯最初一般被看成是为美国新政自由主义提供更坚实的道德基础,即用康德式“道德人”取代功利主义的“经济人”。罗尔斯本人后期在经济问题上的立场走得相当“左”,认为只有“自由社会主义”和他所谓“财产所有的民主”这两种经济体制是符合正义的,其它三种现代经济体制即“福利国家资本主义”、"自由放任资本主义"以及"计划经济社会主义"都不符合正义。参罗尔斯,《作为公平的正义》第四部分(上海三联2002)。
[102] 参Stephen Holmes and Cass R. Sunstein, The cost of rights : why liberty depends on taxes (New York : W.W. Norton, 1999).
[103] 关于“泡泡族”,参甘阳,《将错就错》,北京三联2002,页133-36。
[104] 桑德尔的第二本著作已经拒绝“社群主义”的标签,而自称是“共和主义”立场。参见Michael Sandel, Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of A Public Philosophy (Harvard University Press, 1996),亦参围绕此书组织的包括自由派和施特劳斯派都参加的讨论会文集Debating Democracy’s Discontent: Essays on American Politics, Law, and Public Philosophy , edited by Anita Allen and Milton Reagan (Oxford University Press 1998). 桑德尔的第一本著作(Liberalism and the Limits of Justice 1982)已有中译本,《自由主义与正义的局限》,万俊人等译,译林出版社2001。
[105] Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. The Disuniting of America (Whittle, 1991).
[106] 关于“美国自由主义的终结”和“美国保守主义的兴起”,是八十年代以来美国政治讨论的中心议题,这方面的文献早已汇为一大出版工业。九十年代最有影响的美国政治论著之一,E. J Dionne的《为什么美国人恨政治》(Why Americans Hate Politics, 1991初版,1992增订版)一书,其第一部分题为“自由主义的失败”,第二部分题为“保守主义的困境”,是很有代表性的论述。Morgan在其论述美国自由主义衰落过程的专著中也认为,在二十世纪末的美国,一方面从前的“自由主义共识”已经破产,但另一方面保守主义虽然当道,其意识形态却并不足以形成新的社会共识,参Iwan W. Morgan, Beyond the Liberal Consensus: A Political History of the United States since 1965 (London, 1994), p. 271 以下。亦可 参Patrick M. Garry, Liberalism and American Identity (The Kent Sate University Press, 1992),该书第一章叙述美国八十年代以来“自由主义政治死亡”的命运,特别痛心到1988年美国总统大选时,自由主义在美国没有拥护者和捍卫者,而只有反对者和攻击者( Liberalism in 1988 had no advocates or defenders, just adversaries and attackers);此书学术质量平平,但特别能反映普通美国自由主义学者对“美国自由主义死亡”之焦虑心情。事实上80年代以后的美国政坛几乎已经没有政治家敢称自己是“自由派”。
[107] 这些文章现都已收入罗尔斯的Collected Papers, edited by Samuel Freeman (Harvard University Press, 1999),特别第18章,20章,21章,22章。
[108] John Rawls, Political Liberalism (Columbia University Press 1993)。中译本《政治自由主义》,万俊人译(译林出版社1996)。
[109] Nancy Rosenblum (ed), Liberalism and Moral Life (Harvard University Press 1989)
[110] R. B.Douglass等编,Liberalism and the Good (New York 1990)
[111] Stephen Macedo, Liberal Virtues: Citizenship, Virtue and Community in Liberal Constitutionalism (Oxford 1990)。
[112] 参专治美国二十世纪自由主义史的名史家AlanBrinkley的Liberalism and Its Discontents (Harvard University Press, 1998)。以及James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtue of Liberalism (Oxford University Press, 1998)。九十年代中期以来,致力于“拯救”美国自由主义传统的论著尤其不断出笼,例如E.J.Dionne断言美国自由主义“只是看上去死了”,但二十一世纪仍将重新主导美国政治主流,见氏著They Only Look Dead: Why Progressives Will Dominate the Next Political Era (New York, 1996)。
[113] Virtue (Normos 34), edited by john Chapman and William Galston (New York University Press 1992).
[114] 例如Rosalind Hursthouse, On Virtue Ethics (Oxford University Press 1999).
[115] 关于当代自由主义主张的“权利优先于善”及相关主张,除参罗尔斯本人的《政治自由主义》第五讲外,亦可参Charles Larmore, The Morals of Modernity (Cambridge University Press 1996),第一章,第六章和第七章,该书第三章是对施特劳斯的批判。目前有些学者用“权利本位自由主义”专指诺齐克,而用“政治的自由主义”称罗尔斯。例如参见,David Johnston, The Idea of A Liberal Theory: A Critique and Reconstruction (Princeton University Press, 1994), 第2章,第4章。
[116] Ernest Fortin,“人权与公共善”(Human Rights and the Common Good), in Ernest Fortin: Collected Essays, Volume3: Human Rights, Virtue, and the Common Good,(Rowman& Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1996), p. 20.
[117] Natural Right and History, p. 297.
[118] Natural Right and History, p. 323.
[119] Natural Right and History, pp.5-6
[120] 可将施特劳斯此段对照罗尔斯《政治自由主义》p.10.p.154等。
[121] Natural Right and History, p. 5
[122] What is Political Philosophy, pp.44-46; Thoughts on Machiavell.
[123] 罗尔斯,Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy (Harvard University Press 2000), p.2.
[124] 罗尔斯,《正义论》, 第40 节。
[125] Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?”, in Foucault Reader (Pantheon Books 1984), pp.32-50.
[126] Foucault, The Order of Things, pp, 303-387.
[127] Foucault, “Preface” to Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus (Universtiy of Minnesota Press 1983).
[128] Strauss, “The Three Waves of Modernity,”p.82.
[129] What is Political Philosophy, p.25
[130] What is Political Philosophy, p.22.
[131] 参见施特劳斯,Persecution and the Art of Writing (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952). P.7
[132] 他出版的第二本著作《哲学与法》诚然已涉及柏拉图,但基本限于点出中古犹太思想与柏拉图的渊源关系,尚未提出后来的所谓苏格拉底问题。
[133] Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, p. 29
[134] Natural Right and History, p. 34.
[135] The City and Man, p.2.
[136] The City and Man, p.19.
[137] Natural Right and History, p. 123
[138] Natural Right and History, p. 123
[139] What is Political Philosophy, p.32.
[140]“On a Forgotten Kind of Writing,”in his What is Political Philosophy? (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959), pp.221-232;
[141] “On a Forgotten Kind of Writing,”p.222.
[142] Strauss, Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity, p.463
[143] 参施特劳斯论卢克莱修的长文, “Notes on Lucretius,” in his Liberalism Ancient and Modern (Cornell University Press, 1989, 初 版1968), pp.76-139.
[144] 可以顺便指出,罗尔斯的《正义论》一共提及柏拉图两次,其中一次专门用来说明他的“正义论”不接受柏拉图的“高贵的谎言”。见该书p.454.
[145] Spinoza’s Critique of Religion (The University of Chicago Press, 1997. 初版1930).
[146] What is Political Philosophy, p.23.
[147] John Rawls, A theory of Justice, 第三章。
[148] Natural Right and History, p. 169.
[149] The City and Man, pp.1-12; Liberalism Ancient and Modern, pp. vii-xi.
[150] Liberalism Ancient and Modern, p. x.
[151] What is Political Philosophy, p.25
[152] 关于回到“前科学的政治理解”,参见What is Political Philosophy, pp. 27-29;Natural Right and History, p. 81以下。
[153] 关于“第二层洞穴”说,见其Philosophy and Law (State University of New York Press, 1995), pp. 135-136; 亦参其The Early Writings (1921-1932), ed. by Michael Zank (State University of New Yewk Press, 2002). Pp. 214-215.
[154] Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, p. 31.
[155] 关于现代性首先来自道德政治世界观的变化,然后才是自然世界观的变化这一观点,是施特劳斯在其30年代的《霍布士的政治哲学》中致力论证的中心观点,这个论点在其50年代的《思索马基亚维里》中更得到进一步的全面论证。
[156] Natural Right and History, p.8.
[157] The City and Man, p.1.
[158] Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, p.30.
[159] 参伽达默尔晚年的The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy, tr. P. Christopher Smith (Yale University Press,1986, 德文原版1978)。亦参其早年博士论文,Plato’s Dialectical Ethics: Phenomenological Interpretations relating to the Philebus, tr. by Robert Wallace (Yale University Press, 1991).
[160] The City and Man, p.20.
[161] Strauss, Socrates and Aristophanes, p. 4.
[162] Strauss, Socrates and Aristophanes, p. 314.
[163] Strauss, Socrates and Aristophanes, p. 314.
[164] Strauss, Socrates and Aristophanes, p.8
[165] 参施特劳斯,Persecution and the Art of Writing. Pp.7-37.
[166] Strauss, Xebophon’s Socratic Discourse: An Interpretation of the Oeconomicus (Cornell University Press 1970); Xenophon’s Socrates (Cornell University Press 1972).
[167] Strauss, “On Classical Political Philosophy”( 1945), in his What is Political Philosophy? (The University of Chicago Press, 1959), p. 78-94.
[168] Strauss, The Argument and the Action of Plato’s Laws (The University of Chicago Press, 1975).
[169] The City and Man, 第二章。
[170] “On Classical Political Philosophy”, p. 94
[171] Liberalism Ancient and Modern,p.6.
[172] Strauss, “On Classical Political Philosophy”( 1945), in his What is Political Philosophy? (The University of Chicago Press, 1959), p. 93-94.
[173] 参其Philosophy and Law (State University of New York Press, 1995), p. 136.
[174] Strauss, The City and Man (The University of Chicago Press, 1964), p.9. |